PSG has now claimed the season-opening trophy on fourteen different occasions.
The Parisian giants required a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight Trophee des Champions title.
The European champions appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck twice in the closing moments to seize a surprise advantage. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the spot-kick, before the defender inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a crucial equaliser in the final seconds to send the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing shootout victory.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the past thirteen years.